Adolescent Sexuality
In 1967, Reiss stated that sexual attitudes and behavior had shifted from acceptance of sex within marriage to an acceptance of sex within an affectionate relationship. Many argue that this attitude has continued and grown to include changes toward sexual equality, fewer families being headed by two married parents, and reductions in parental supervision with these changing family constellations and more parents working outside the home (Hopkins, 2000). Dynamics such as these are important to consider
For example, when researchers use the term sex, they most often mean heterosexual intercourse; however, adolescents may interpret the questions regarding having had sex or being sexually active in much broader terms.
New York psychologists should be aware of these possible differences in meaning for adolescents. surveys have shown that while adolescents agree that heterosexual intercourse is sex, there is much disagreement regarding other sexual acts . Adolescents also differ in their definitions of abstinence and virginity, depending on their own sexual experiences.
Therapists in New York should also know that definitions vary between males and females, between heterosexual and homosexual males and females, and depending on sexual experience. Therefore, for a New York psychologist, asking questions about virginity, frequency of sex, and number of partners could elicit different answers from two adolescents with identical sexual experiences. Most research focuses on onset and progression of sexual activity through quantitative data, but much less research includes qualitative descriptions of experiences, and even less research examines adolescents’ cognitive conceptions and affective responses to sexual experiences or how these ideas and emotions may differ by gender, age, ethnicity, relationship status, sexual orientation, or family background (Savin-Williams and Diamond, 2004). These are important discussions to have with adolescents as a therapist in New York.
New York psychologists should know that narrow and self-selected research samples are also a limitation in this field. There are vast differences across cultures regarding sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and adults’ expectations regarding adolescent sexuality; however, most research has been conducted within the United States (Schlegel and Barry, 1991).
In addition, the research conducted in the U. S. has disproportionately focused on females in general, as well as minority females and females living in poverty (Tolman and Higgins, 1996). Because research has focused more on trends rather than understanding the pathways to different sexual behaviors, research on these minority groups has led to stereotypes about race, poverty, and sex. Research has also focused much less on same-sex behaviors, orientation, and identity (Goldfried and Bell, 2003).
Lastly, because so many studies employ self-report methodologies, adolescents who are uncomfortable or self-conscious may self-select themselves out of such studies (Wiederman, 1999). This can also occur if parents do not provide consent for participation. To better understand the impact of the parent-child relationship on this important aspect of adolescent development, the research regarding the influence of parent-child relationships and developing adolescent sexuality will be reviewed in combination in the following chapter.